الفصل الثاني ربيع 2026

Physiology II focuses on how major body systems work together to maintain homeostasis. It covers the cardiovascular system (heart function, blood flow, and blood pressure), the respiratory system (breathing and gas exchange), and the renal system (kidney function, fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance). It also includes the gastrointestinal system (digestion and nutrient absorption), the endocrine system (hormones and regulation), the immune system (body defense), and the reproductive system (hormonal control and reproduction).

Overall, the course emphasizes how these systems interact and are regulated through feedback mechanisms to keep the internal environment stable.